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| Current File : //bin/perldl |
#!/usr/bin/perl
eval 'exec /usr/bin/perl -S $0 ${1+"$@"}'
if 0; # not running under some shell
eval 'exec perl -S $0 "$@"'
if 0;
##########################################################################
# Here starts the actual script
# Simple shell for PDL
use vars qw($VERSION $HOME $Modules);
$VERSION = '1.357';
print "perlDL shell v$VERSION
PDL comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. For details, see the file
'COPYING' in the PDL distribution. This is free software and you
are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions, see
the same file for details.\n";
# Useful shell variables
$PERLDL::ESCAPE = '#'; # Default shell escape
$PERLDL::HISTFILESIZE = 500; # Number of lines to keep in history
$PERLDL::MULTI = 1; # Enable multi-lines by default
$PERLDL::NO_EOF = 0; # Disable EOF protection by default
$PERLDL::NO_EOF = 1 if $^O =~ 'MSWin'; # ...but enable for windows
$PERLDL::PROMPT = "pdl> ";
$PERLDL::PREFIX_RE = qr(^\s*(?:pdl|perldl)>\s*); # RE for shell prompts
$PERLDL::PAGER = (exists $ENV{PAGER} ? $ENV{PAGER} : 'more');
# Default output paging program
$PERLDL::PAGE = 0;
$PERLDL::PAGING = 0;
@PERLDL::AUTO = ();
$PERLDL::PREPROCESS = undef; # old interface -- disabled
@PERLDL::PREPROCESS = (); # new preprocessor pipeline
$HOME = $ENV{HOME}; # Useful in shell
if ($^O =~ /win32/i and $HOME eq ""){
$HOME = $ENV{USERPROFILE};
$HOME =~ s/\\/\//g;
}
$,=" "; # Default
$Modules = $Modules = ""; # pacify -w
sub mypdlconfig {
require Config; # pick up perl version info
eval 'require PDL::Version' if not defined $PDL::Version::VERSION;
eval 'require PDL::Config';
eval "use Data::Dumper";
my $hasdumper = $@ eq "" ? 1 : 0;
eval "use PDL::Bad;";
my $bflag = defined($PDL::Bad::Status) && $PDL::Bad::Status;
my $txt = "\nSummary of my PDL configuration\n\n";
$txt .= "VERSION: PDL v$PDL::Version::VERSION";
$txt .= " (supports bad values)" if $bflag;
$txt .= "\n\n";
if ($hasdumper && %PDL::Config) {
$txt .= Data::Dumper->Dump([{%PDL::Config}],['%PDL::Config']);
} else {
$txt .= "Could not obtain \%PDL::Config\n";
}
$txt .= Config::myconfig(); # append perl config info
}
sub preproc_registered ($) {
my ($sub) = @_;
die "preprocessors must be code references"
unless ref $sub eq 'CODE';
return grep ($_ == $sub, @PERLDL::PREPROCESS) > 0;
}
sub preproc_add ($) {
my ($sub) = @_;
die "preprocessors must be code references"
unless ref $sub eq 'CODE';
push @PERLDL::PREPROCESS, $sub;
return $sub;
}
sub preproc_del ($) {
my ($sub) = @_;
die "preprocessors must be code references"
unless ref $sub eq 'CODE';
die "preprocessor can't be deleted: not installed"
unless preproc_registered $sub;
@PERLDL::PREPROCESS = grep ($_ != $sub, @PERLDL::PREPROCESS);
return $sub;
}
# Parse ARGV
my $read_from_file;
while(defined($_ = shift @ARGV)) {
if($_ eq "-tk") {
if ($^O eq 'MSWin32') {
print "-tk option not supported for windows\n";
next;
}
print "Using Tk";
eval "use Tk;";
if ($@ eq "") {
print " v$Tk::VERSION\n"
if defined $Tk::VERSION; # make -w happy
} else {
print ", sorry can't load module Tk\n";
}
next;
} elsif($_ eq "-glut") {
if ($^O eq 'MSWin32') {
print "-glut option not supported for windows\n";
next;
}
print "Using OpenGL for GLUT support";
eval "use OpenGL;";
if ($@ eq "") {
print " v$OpenGL::VERSION\n"
if defined $OpenGL::VERSION; # make -w happy
} else {
print ", sorry can't load module OpenGL\n";
}
OpenGL::glutInit() unless OpenGL::done_glutInit();
next;
} elsif(/^-f(.*)/) {
my $file = $1;
if(0 == length $1) {
$file = shift @ARGV;
}
print "Doing '$file'\n";
do $file;
if($@) {
die "Initialization error: $@";
}
next;
} elsif(/^-w$/){
$^W = 1;
next;
} elsif (/^-(M|m)([\w:]+)(\=\w+)?$/x) {
my ($way,$m,@im) = ($1,$2,$3?substr($3,1):());
eval "require $m";
warn, next if $@;
if ($way eq 'M') {
$m->import(@im);
} else {
$m->unimport(@im);
}
} elsif (/^-I (\S*) $/x) {
my $dir = $1;
$dir = $ARGV[++$arg]
if !$dir;
if ($dir =~ m{^ \/ }x) {
unshift(@INC, $dir);
} else {
require FindBin;
die "Error: can't find myself" if ! $FindBin::Bin;
unshift(@INC, "$FindBin::Bin/$dir");
}
} elsif (/^-V\s*$/) {
print mypdlconfig();
exit 0;
} elsif( /^-\s*$/) {
$read_from_file = 1;
last;
} else {
print << 'EOP';
Usage: perldl [options]
-glut try to load OpenGL module (Enables
readline event-loop processing).
-tk try to load Tk module (Enables
readline event-loop processing).
-f <file> execute file <file> before starting perldl
-w run with warning messages turned-on
-m <module> unload module <module>
-M <module> load module <module>
-I <dir> Add <dir> to include path.
-V print PDL version info (e.g. for a bug report)
- Following arguments are files for input.
EOP
die("Unknown argument $_");
}
}
my $readlines;
if(!$read_from_file and -t STDIN) {
eval "use Term::ReadLine";
$readlines = ($@ eq "");
} else {
$readlines=0;
}
my @enabled = ();
push @enabled, "ReadLines" if $readlines;
eval 'use PDL::NiceSlice';
unless ($@) {
my $report = 0;
sub report {
my $ret = $report;
$report = $_[0] if $#_ > -1;
return $ret;
}
my $preproc = sub { my ($txt) = @_;
my $new = PDL::NiceSlice::perldlpp('main',$txt);
print STDERR "processed $new\n" if report && $new ne $txt;
return $new;
};
sub trans {
preproc_add $preproc unless preproc_registered $preproc;
preproc_del $preproc if $#_ > -1 && !$_[0] &&
preproc_registered $preproc;
}
sub notrans { trans 0 }
trans; # switch on by default
push @enabled, "NiceSlice";
}
eval "use Text::Balanced";
my $multi_ok = ($@ eq "");
$PERLDL::MULTI = 0 unless($multi_ok);
push @enabled,"MultiLines" if $multi_ok;
print join(', ',@enabled)," enabled\n" if @enabled > 0;
if ( $readlines ){
$PERLDL::TERM = Term::ReadLine->new('perlDL', \*STDIN, \*STDOUT);
if (defined &OpenGL::done_glutInit ) {
# Attempt to use with FreeGLUT
if ($PERLDL::TERM->can('event_loop')) {
print "Using FreeGLUT event loop\n";
# Presumably, if you're using this loop, you're also selecting on other
# fileno's. It is up to you to add that in to the wait callback (first
# one passed to event_loop) and deal with those file handles.
$PERLDL::TERM->event_loop(
sub {
# This callback is called every time T::RL wants to
# read something from its input. The parameter is
# the return from the other callback.
my $fileno = shift;
my $rvec = '';
vec($rvec, $fileno, 1) = 1;
while(1) {
select my $rout = $rvec, undef, undef, 0;
last if vec($rout, $fileno, 1);
OpenGL::glutMainLoopEvent();
}
},
sub {
# This callback is called as the T::RL is starting up
# readline the first time. The parameter is the file
# handle that we need to monitor. The return value
# is used as input to the previous callback.
# We return the fileno that we will use later.
# cygwin/TRL::Gnu seems to use some other object here
# that doesn't respond to a fileno method call (rt#81344)
fileno($_[0]);
}
) unless $Term::ReadLine::toloop;
} else {
warn("Sorry, cannot use FreeGLUT with this version of ReadLine\n");
}
}
if(defined &Tk::DoOneEvent and not ref $Term::ReadLine::toloop) {
# Attempt to use with Tk
if(${$PERLDL::TERM->Features}{tkRunning}) {
print "Using Tk event loop\n";
$PERLDL::TERM->tkRunning(1);
} else {
warn("Sorry, cannot use Tk with this version of ReadLine\n");
}
}
if ( ( -e "$HOME/.perldl_hist" )
&& ( open HIST, "<$HOME/.perldl_hist" ) ) {
my @allhist = <HIST>;
close HIST;
map s/\n//g , @allhist ;
foreach (@allhist) {
$PERLDL::TERM->addhistory($_);
}
}
eval <<'EOEND';
sub END {
# Save History in $ENV{'HOME'}/.perldl_hist
# GetHistory doesn't work on all versions...
my @a= $PERLDL::TERM->GetHistory() if $PERLDL::TERM->can('GetHistory');
$#a-- if $a[-1] =~ /^(q$|x$|\s*exit\b|\s*quit\b)/; # chop off the exit command
@a= @a[($#a-$PERLDL::HISTFILESIZE+1)..($#a)] if $#a > $PERLDL::HISTFILESIZE-1 ;
if( open HIST, ">$HOME/.perldl_hist" ) {
print HIST join("\n",@a);
close HIST;
} else {
print " Unable to open \"$HOME/.perldl_hist\"\n";
}
}
EOEND
}
sub l {
if ($readlines) {
my $n = $#_ > -1 ? shift : 20;
my @h = $PERLDL::TERM->GetHistory();
my $min = $#h < $n-1 ? 0 : $#h-$n+1;
map {print "$_: $h[$_]\n"} ($min..$#h);
}
}
sub page {
$PERLDL::PAGE = (defined $_[0] ? $_[0] : 1);
}
sub nopage {
page(0);
}
sub startpage {
if ($PERLDL::PAGE) {
open(SAVEOUT, '>&STDOUT');
open(STDOUT, "| $PERLDL::PAGER");
$PERLDL::PAGING = 1;
}
}
sub endpage {
if ($PERLDL::PAGING) {
close(STDOUT);
open(STDOUT, '>&SAVEOUT');
$PERLDL::PAGING = 0;
}
}
sub startup_def {
return "PDL/default.pdl" if $^O =~ /win32/i;
return "PDL/default.perldlrc";
}
# Global and local startup
my $startup_file = -e "$HOME/.perldlrc" ? "$HOME/.perldlrc" : startup_def();
print "Reading $startup_file...\n";
eval 'require "'.$startup_file.'"';
my $PDL_OK = ($@ eq "");
if ($PDL_OK) {
require PDL::Version if not defined $PDL::Version::VERSION;
print "Type 'demo' for online demos\n";
eval "use PDL::Bad;";
my $bflag = defined($PDL::Bad::Status) && $PDL::Bad::Status;
if ( $bflag ) {
print "Loaded PDL v$PDL::Version::VERSION (supports bad values)\n";
} else {
print "Loaded PDL v$PDL::Version::VERSION\n";
}
}else{
warn "WARNING: Error loading PDL: '$@' - trying blib. \n";
eval "use blib";
delete $INC{$startup_file}; # so require will try again!
eval 'require "'.$startup_file.'"';
$PDL_OK = ($@ eq "");
if ($PDL_OK) {
require PDL::Version if not defined $PDL::Version::VERSION;
print "Loaded PDL v$PDL::Version::VERSION\n";
}else{
warn "WARNING: PDL startup not found only plain perl available\n";
$PERLDL::PROMPT = 'perl> '; # so there is visual indication of no PDL
eval << 'EOD'; # Fallback eval routine - proper one defined in PDL::Core
sub eval_and_report {
my $__code = shift; # Can be code ref or string
my $__string;
$__string = (ref $__code eq "CODE") ? '&$__code()' : $__code;
eval $__string; # Use boring eval() which misses some errors
return $@;
}
EOD
}
}
print "\nNote: AutoLoader not enabled ('use PDL::AutoLoader' recommended)\n\n"
unless defined($PDL::AutoLoader::Rescan);
if (-e 'local.perldlrc') {
print "Reading local.perldlrc ...\n";
require 'local.perldlrc' ;
}
# Short hand for some stuff
sub p { local $^W=0; print(@_); } # suppress possible undefined var message
# (dirty)
my %demos =
(
'pdl' => 'PDL::Demos::General', # have to protect pdl as it means something
'3d' => 'PDL::Demos::TriD1',
'3d2' => 'PDL::Demos::TriD2',
'3dgal' => 'PDL::Demos::TriDGallery',
'pgplot' => 'PDL::Demos::PGPLOT_demo',
'ooplot' => 'PDL::Demos::PGPLOT_OO_demo', # note: lowercase
'bad' => 'PDL::Demos::BAD_demo',
'bad2' => 'PDL::Demos::BAD2_demo',
'transform' => 'PDL::Demos::Transform_demo',
'cartography' => 'PDL::Demos::Cartography_demo',
'gnuplot' => 'PDL::Demos::Gnuplot_demo',
'prima' => 'PDL::Demos::Prima',
);
sub demo {
local $_ = lc $_[0] ;
if(/^$/) {
print <<EOD;
Use:
demo pdl # general demo
demo 3d # 3d demo (requires TriD with OpenGL or Mesa)
demo 3d2 # 3d demo, part 2. (Somewhat memory-intensive)
demo 3dgal # the 3D gallery: make cool images with 3-line scripts
demo pgplot # PGPLOT graphics output (Req.: PGPLOT)
demo OOplot # PGPLOT OO interface (Req.: PGPLOT)
demo gnuplot # Gnuplot graphics (requires PDL::Graphics::Gnuplot)
demo prima # Prima graphics (requires PDL::Graphics::Prima)
demo transform # Coordinate transformations (Req.: PGPLOT)
demo cartography # Cartographic projections (Req.: PGPLOT)
demo bad # Bad-value demo (Req.: bad value support)
demo bad2 # Bad-values, part 2 (Req.: bad value support and PGPLOT)
EOD
return;
} # if: /^$/
if ( exists $demos{$_} ) {
require PDL::Demos::Screen; # Get the routines for screen demos.
my $name = $demos{$_};
eval "require $name;"; # see docs on require for need for eval
$name .= "::run";
&{$name}();
} else {
print "No such demo!\n";
}
} # sub: demo
$SIG{'INT'} = sub { die "Ctrl-C detected\n" }; # Ctrl-C handler
my $preproc_warned = 0;
sub preproc_oldwarn {
warn << 'EOW';
Deprecated usage: $PERLDL::PREPROCESS was set.
Usage of this variable is now strongly deprecated.
To enable preprocessing with recent versions of perldl
you should use the 'preproc_add' function. For details
check the perldl manpage.
EOW
$preproc_warned = 1; # warn only once
}
#
# count_tags: Return a string containing (in order) the open brackets
# and strings in the string that is passed in. Used for multi-line parsing.
#
# Works by analysing the error message returned by Text::Balanced -- this
# is sort of fragile against changes in Text::Balanced, but what the heck.
# --CED 18-Mar-2003
#
sub count_tags {
my $s = shift;
$s =~ s/\\.//g; # Ignore all escaped characters
return undef unless($s =~ m/[^\s]/);
# [Ignore quotelike operators: they cause more trouble than they're worth!]
our($prefix,$delim,%closers);
unless(defined $prefix) {
$delim = '{[(`\'")]}';
%closers = ('{'=>'}','['=>']','('=>')');
}
# Run Text::Balanced on the string with a '{' in front of it, to
# make sure that all quoted strings are "embedded" in the outermost "{".
# The whitespace works around a short-string bug in extract_bracketed.
my $a;
my @result;
$s =~ s/^\s*\#.*$//mg; # Eliminate comment lines before extract.
eval { @result =
Text::Balanced::extract_bracketed("{".$s, $delim, $prefix);
$a = $@;
};
print "a = $a\nreturn = '",join("','",@result),"'\n"
if($PERLDL::debug);
if($a =~ m/^Did not find/) {
# No quotes -- this should never happen and is a syntax error.
print STDERR "[Error in parsing: this should never happen!]\n"
if($PERLDL::debug);
return undef;
}
elsif($a =~ m/^Unmatched emb\w+ quote \((.)\), de\w+ at offset (\d+)/) {
# Embedded quote: try to close it and reparse.
$a = $1;
return count_tags($s.$1) . $a;
}
elsif($a =~ m/^Mismatched closing bracket/) {
# This is an error condition - return false and let perl parse it
return undef;
}
elsif($a =~ m/^Unmatched opening bracket\(s\)\: \{\.\.(.\.\.)+/) {
$a = $1;
$a=~ s/\.\.//g;
return count_tags($s.$closers{$a}) . $a;
}
elsif($a =~ m/^Unmatched opening bracket\(s\)\: \{\.\.\,/) {
# Should have exactly one unmatched opening bracket.
return undef;
}
elsif(!$a) {
return undef;
}
print STDERR "Unknown error message '$a' from parser...\n"
if($PERLDL::debug);
return undef;
}
#
# process_input -- this is the central grab-some-input-and-execute it loop.
#
sub process_input {
my $lines;
if($PERLDL::MULTI && !$multi_ok) {
$PERLDL::MULTI = 0;
print STDERR "WARNING: Text::Balanced not present; disabling multi-line parsing.\n";
}
# The {} around the do let us get out with 'last' in the EOF case.
multiline: {
my $cont;
$lines = "";
do {
local $, = "";
my $prompt = $cont ? "..$cont".(" "x(5-length($cont)))."> " :
((ref $PERLDL::PROMPT) ? &$PERLDL::PROMPT : $PERLDL::PROMPT);
if ($readlines) {
$_ = $PERLDL::TERM->readline($prompt);
}else{
print $prompt if(-t ARGV); # Don't print prompt in pipes
$_ = <>;
}
if(!defined $_) {
if($cont) {
if( $PERLDL::NO_EOF > 1 && -t STDIN ) {
print STDERR "\nEOF ignored. (Close delimiters to end block. \$PERLDL::NO_EOF = $PERLDL::NO_EOF)\n";
} else {
last multiline;
}
} else {
if($PERLDL::NO_EOF && -t STDIN ) {
print STDERR "EOF ignored. ('q' or 'exit' to quit. \$PERLDL::NO_EOF = $PERLDL::NO_EOF)\n";
} else {
print STDERR "EOF detected, exiting shell.\n";
exit 0;
}
}
}
$lines .= "\n" if($cont); # Make multi-line strings work right.
$lines .= $_;
print "lines = $lines\n" if($PERLDL::debug);
} while( $PERLDL::MULTI && ($cont = count_tags($lines)) );
}
# Execute the list of auto-code
for my $c (@PERLDL::AUTO) {
my $mess = eval_and_report($c);
warn $mess if $mess;
}
# Filter out PDL shell prefixes from cut-n-pasted lines
if ( $lines =~ s/$PERLDL::PREFIX_RE// and $readlines ) {
my @hist = $PERLDL::TERM->GetHistory();
foreach my $entry (@hist) { $entry =~ s/$PERLDL::PREFIX_RE//; }
$PERLDL::TERM->SetHistory(@hist);
}
if(!defined $lines || lc $lines eq 'q' || lc $lines eq 'x' || lc $lines eq 'quit') {exit};
next if $lines =~/^\s*$/; # Blank line - do nothing
$lines =~ s/^\s*\?\?\s*/apropos /; # Make '??' = 'apropos'
$lines =~ s/^\s*\?\s*/help /; # Make lone '?' = 'help'
if ( $lines =~ /^\s*(help|usage|apropos|sig|badinfo|demo)\s+/) { # Allow help foo (no quotes)
my @t = split(/\s+/,$lines);
my $a;
foreach $a(@t) { $a=~s/^["']+//; $a=~s/['"]+$//; };
$t[1] = "'".$t[1]."'" if ($#t == 1 && !($t[1] =~ /^\$/));
$lines = join(' ',@t);
}
if (substr($lines,0,1) eq substr($PERLDL::ESCAPE,0,1) and
substr($lines,0,2) ne '#!') { # Allow escapes, avoid shebang
my @lines = split /\n/, $lines;
system(substr(shift @lines,1)); # Shell escape
$lines = join("\n",@lines);
next;
} else {
# Send code to pre-processor filters if defined
for my $filter (@PERLDL::PREPROCESS) {
$lines = $filter->($lines);
}
# honor the deprecated interface for now
if (defined $PERLDL::PREPROCESS &&
ref($PERLDL::PREPROCESS) eq 'CODE') {
preproc_oldwarn() unless $preproc_warned;
$lines = &$PERLDL::PREPROCESS($_);
}
startpage;
my $mess = eval_and_report($lines);
warn $mess if $mess;
endpage;
}
print "\n";
}
######################################################################
######################################################################
#####
##### Main loop is here! (Commands not inside any sub!)
# check for old usage of PERLDL::PREPROCESS
if (defined $PERLDL::PREPROCESS) {
preproc_oldwarn() unless $preproc_warned;
}
$|=1;
while(1) {
eval {process_input()};
if ($@) {
if ($@ =~ /Ctrl-C detected/) {
print "Ctrl-C detected\n";
next;
} else {
print "Unknown error: $@\n exiting...\n";
last;
}
}
}
#####
#####
######################################################################
######################################################################
# Work routine to eval code and post-process messages
# Currently used by 'perldl' shell
sub eval_and_report {
my $__code = shift; # Can be code ref or string
$@ = ""; # clear $@ since we might not execute the eval below
## Compile the code ref to execute. The code gets put inside {} braces
## so that there is a trivial loop (the simple block) for 'last' and 'next'
## to escape from. (Otherwise perl 5.6.1 and 5.8 do a little fandango
## on stack if you type "last" at the shell). --CED 18-Mar-2003
my $__coderef = (ref $__code eq "CODE") ? $__code : eval << "EOD"
sub {
{
$__code;
}
}
EOD
;
%@ = (); # Workaround to prevent spurious loss of $@ in early (pre-5.14 anyway) versions of perl
if( (!$@) and (ref $__coderef eq 'CODE')) {
eval { &$__coderef(); die $@ if($@); };
}
if ($@) {
my $mess = $@;
# Remove surplus parts
$mess =~ s/^\s*\(in cleanup\)\s+//; # 'cleanup ...' from Usage:...
$mess =~ s/\n\s*\(in cleanup\).*$//; # 'cleanup...'s at end
$mess =~ s/\s+at \(eval \d+\) line \d+\.?$//; # at eval ?? line ??.
return $mess; # Report error
}
return "";
}
__END__
=head1 NAME
perldl - Simple shell for PDL (see also L<pdl2>)
=head1 SYNOPSIS
Use PDL interactively:
bash$ perldl
pdl> $a = sequence(10) # or any other perl or PDL command
bash$ pdl
pdl> print "Hello, world!\n";
Run a script:
bash$ cat > pdlscript
#!/usr/bin/pdl
print "Hello, world!\n";
...
=head1 DESCRIPTION
The program B<perldl> is a simple shell (written in perl) for
interactive use of PDL. It consists of a command-line interface that
supports immediate interpretation of perl commands and expressions.
Perl expressions, including PDL constructs, can be entered directly at
the keyboard and are compiled and executed immediately. The syntax is
not exactly identical to Perl, in that under most circumstances ending
a line causes immediate execution of the command entered so far (no
trailing ';' is required).
The synonym B<pdl> is a compiled executable that is useful as a script
interpreter using UNIX shebang (C<#!>) syntax. This is useful for generating
and re-executing command-journal files from B<perldl>.
The B<perldl> shell runs an initial startup file (C<~/.perldlrc>) that can
be used to pre-load perl modules or configure the global perl environment. It
features a path mechanism for autoloading perl subroutines. There is a
command-history mechanism, and several other useful features such as command
preprocessing, shortcuts for commonly used commands such as "print",
and the ability to execute arbitrary code whenever a prompt is printed.
Depending on your configuration settings, B<perldl> can be set to
honor or ignore the ^D (end-of-file) character when sent from a
terminal, or to attempt to do the Right Thing when a block construct
spanning multiple lines is encountered.
B<perldl> and B<pdl> support several command-line options, which are
discussed near the end of this document.
=head2 Reference manual & online help
The PDL reference manual and online help are available from within
B<perldl>, using the B<help> and B<apropos> commands (which may also
be abbreviated B<?> and B<??>.) The B<help> command alone prints a summary of
help syntax, and B<< help <module-name> >> will print POD documentation
from the module you mention (POD is the Perl format for embedding
documentation in your perl code; see L<perlpod> for details).
If you include POD documentation in your autoload subroutines (see
B<path mechanism> below), then both B<help> and B<apropos> will find it
and be able to format and display it on demand.
=head2 History mechanism
If you have the perl modules ReadLines and ReadKeys installed, then
B<perldl> supports a history and line-editing mechanism using editing
keys similar to L<emacs>. The last 500 commands are always stored in
the file F<.perldl_hist> in your home directory between sessions.
Set C<$PERLDL::HISTFILESIZE> to change the number of lines saved.
The command C<l [number]> shows you the last C<number> commands you
typed where C<number> defaults to 20.
e.g.:
bash$ perldl
ReadLines enabled
pdl> $a = rfits "foo.fits"
BITPIX = -32 size = 88504 pixels
Reading 354016 bytes
BSCALE = && BZERO =
pdl> imag log($a+400)
Displaying 299 x 296 image from 4.6939525604248 to 9.67116928100586 ...
=head2 Command execution
If you enter a simple command at the B<perldl> command line, it is
immediately executed in a Perl C<eval()>. The environment is almost
identical to that within a perl script, with some important exceptions:
=over 3
=item * $_ is not preserved across lines
$_ is used to hold the command line for initial processing, so at the
beginning of processing of each command line, $_ contains the command itself.
Use variables other than $_ to store values across lines.
=item * Scope is not preserved across lines
Each command line is executed in a separate C<eval> block within perl,
so scoping commands such as C<my> and C<local> may not perform exactly
as expected -- in particular, if you declare a variable with C<my>, it
is local to the particular command line on which you typed the C<my>
command, which means that it will evaporate before the next prompt is printed.
(You can use C<my> variables in a multi-line block or to isolate values within
a single command line, of course).
NOTE: pdl2 preserves lexical scope between lines.
=item * Execution is immediate
Under most circumstances, as soon as you end a line of input the line
is parsed and executed. This breaks Perl's normal dependence on
semicolons as command delimiters. For example, the two-line expression
print "Hello ",
"world";
prints the phrase C<Hello world> in Perl, but (under most circumstances)
C<Hello > in B<perldl>.
=item * Multi-line execution
In multiline mode (which is enabled by default, see B<Shell
variables>, below), B<perldl> searches for searches for block-like
constructs with curly braces, parentheses, quotes, and related
delimiters. If you leave such a construct open, B<perldl> accepts more
lines of input until you close the construct or explictly end the multi-line
expression with ^D. Following the example above, the phrase
{ print "Hello ",
"world"; }
will print "Hello world" from either Perl or (in multi-line mode)
B<perldl>.
B<Warning>: The multi-line parsing uses Damian Conway's
L<Text::Balanced> module, which contains some flaws -- so it can be
fooled by quote-like operators such as C<q/.../>, included POD
documentation, multi-line C<E<lt>E<lt>> quotes, and some
particularly bizarre-but-valid C<m/.../> matches and C<s/.../.../>
substitutions. In such cases, use ^D to close out the multi-line construct and
force compilation-and-execution.
=back
If you want to preserve this behavior in a script (for example to replay a command
journal file; see below on how to create one), you can use B<pdl> instead of B<perl>
as the interpreter in the script's initial shebang line.
=head2 Terminating C<perldl>
A C<perldl> session can be terminated with any of the commands
C<quit>, C<exit> or the shorthands C<x> or C<q>. If EOF handling is
switched on (the default) you can also type ^D at the command prompt.
If the command input is NOT a terminal (for example if you are running
from a command journal file), then EOF will always terminate B<perldl>.
=head2 Terminating commands (Ctrl-C handling)
Commands executed within C<perldl> can be terminated prematurely
using C<Ctrl-C> (or whichever key sequence sends an INT signal
to the process on your terminal). Provided your PDL code does not
ignore C<sigint>s this should throw you back at the C<perldl>
command prompt:
pdl> $result = start_lengthy_computation()
<Ctrl-C>
Ctrl-C detected
pdl>
=head2 Shortcuts and aliases
=over
=item *
The shell aliases C<p> to be a convenient short form of C<print>, e.g.
pdl> p ones 5,3
[
[1 1 1 1 1]
[1 1 1 1 1]
[1 1 1 1 1]
]
=item *
C<q> and C<x> are short-hand for C<quit>.
=item *
C<l> lists the history buffer
pdl> l # list last 20 commands
pdl> l 40 # list last 40 commands
=item *
C<?> is an alias for L<help|PDL::Doc::Perldl/help>
pdl> ? pdl2 # get help for new pdl2 shell
=item *
C<??> is an alias for L<apropos|PDL::Doc::Perldl/apropos>
pdl> ?? PDL::Doc
=item *
L<help|PDL::Doc::Perldl/help>, L<apropos|PDL::Doc::Perldl/apropos>,
L<usage|PDL::Doc::Perldl/usage> and L<sig|PDL::Doc::Perldl/sig>:
all words after these commands are used verbatim and not evaluated
by perl. So you can write, e.g.,
pdl> help help
instead of
pdl> help 'help'
=back
=head2 Command-line options
B<perldl> and B<pdl> support several command-line options to adjust the behavior of the
session. Most of them are equivalent to commands that can be entered at the B<pdlE<gt>>
prompt. They are:
=over 4
=item -glut
Load OpenGL when starting the shell (the perl OpenGL module,
which is available from CPAN must be installed). This enables
readline event loop processing. Don't use with -tk.
=item -tk
Load Tk when starting the shell (the perl Tk module, which is
available from CPAN must be installed). This enables readline
event loop processing. Don't use with -glut.
=item -f file
Loads the file before processing any user input. Any errors
during the execution of the file are fatal.
=item -w
Runs with warning messages (i.e. the normal perl C<-w> warnings)
turned-on.
=item -M module
Loads the module before processing any user input.
Compare corresponding C<perl> switch.
=item -m module
Unloads the module before processing any user input.
=item -I directory
Adds directory to the include path. (i.e. the @INC array)
Compare corresponding C<perl> switch.
=item -V
Prints a summary of PDL config. This information should
be included with any PDL bug report. Compare corresponding
C<perl> switch.
=back
=head2 The startup file F<~/.perldlrc>
If the file F<~/.perldlrc> is found it is sourced at start-up to load default
modules, set shell variables, etc. If it is NOT found the distribution file
F<PDL/default.perldlrc> is read instead. This loads various modules
considered useful by default, and which ensure compatibility with
v1.11. If you don't like this and want a more streamlined set of your
own favourite modules simple create your own F<~/.perldlrc>. You may
wish to start from the existing F<PDL/default.perldlrc> as a template
since it will not be sourced once you replace it with your own version.
To set even more local defaults the file F<local.perldlrc> (in the current
directory) is sourced if found. This lets you load modules and define
subroutines for the project in the current directory.
The name is chosen specfically because it was found hidden files were
NOT wanted in these circumstances.
The startup file should normally include "use PDL::AutoLoader;", as
many of the nicer interactive features won't work without it.
=head2 Shell variables
Shell variables: (I<Note>: if you don't like the defaults change
them in F<~/.perldlrc>)
=over
=item *
$PERLDL::ESCAPE - default value '#'
Any line starting with this character is treated as a shell
escape. The default value is chosen because it escapes the
code from the standard perl interpreter.
=item *
$PERLDL::HISTFILESIZE - default value 500
This is the number of lines of perldl shell command history
to keep.
=item *
$PERLDL::PAGER - default value C<more>
External program to filter the output of commands. Using C<more>
prints output one screenful at a time. On Unix, setting C<page(1)>
and $PERLDL::PAGER to C<tee -a outfile> will keep a record of the
output generated by subsequent perldl commands (without paging).
=item *
$PERLDL::PROMPT - default value 'pdl> '
Enough said But can also be set to a subroutine reference, e.g.
$PERLDL::PROMPT = sub {join(':',(gmtime)[2,1,0]).'> '} puts the
current time into the prompt.
=item *
$PERLDL::MULTI - default value 1
If this is set to a true value, then perldl will parse multi-line
perl blocks: your input will not be executed until you finish a line
with no outstanding group operators (such as quotes, blocks, parenthesis, or
brackets) still active. Continuation lines have a different prompt that
shows you what delimiters are still active.
Note that this is not (yet!) a complete perl parser. In particular,
Text::Balanced appears to be able to ignore quoting operatores
like C<q/ ... /> within a line, but not to be able to extend them across
lines. Likewise, there is no support for the '<<' operator.
Multiline conventional strings and {}, [], and () groupings are well
supported.
=item *
$PERLDL::NO_EOF - default value 0 / 1 on MSWin32
Protects against accidental use of "^D" from the terminal. If this is
set to a true value, then you can't accidentally exit perldl by typing
"^D". If you set it to a value larger than 1 (and PERLDL::MULTI is
set), then you can't use "^D" to exit multiline commands either. If
you're piping commands in from a file or pipe, this variable has no
effect.
=item *
$HOME
The user's home directory
=item *
$PERLDL::TERM
This is the Term::ReadLine object associated with the perldl
shell. It can be used by routines called from perldl if your
command is interactive.
=item *
$PDL::toolongtoprint
The maximal size pdls to print (defaults to 10,000 elements).
This is not just a C<perldl> or C<pdl2> variable but it is
something that is usually needed in an interactive debugging
session.
=back
=head2 Executing scripts from the C<perldl> prompt
A useful idiom for developing perldl scripts or editing functions
on-line is
pdl> # emacs script &
-- add perldl code to script and save the file
pdl> do 'script'
-- substitute your favourite window-based editor for 'emacs' (you may
also need to change the '&' on non-Unix systems).
Running "do 'script'" again updates any variables and function
definitions from the current version of 'script'.
=head2 Executing perldl scripts from the command line
PDL scripts are just perl scripts that happen to use PDL (and
possibly PDL::NiceSlice). But for the truly lazy, perldl can be
invokes as a script interpreter. Because perldl is itself an interpreted
perl script, most unices won't allow you to say "#!/usr/bin/perldl"
at the top of your script.
Instead, say "#!/usr/bin/pdl" and your script will be executed exactly
as if you typed it, line-by-line, into the perldl shell.
=head2 Command preprocessing
NOTE: This feature is used by default by L<PDL::NiceSlice|PDL::NiceSlice>.
See below for more about slicing at the C<perldl> prompt
In some cases, it is convenient to process commands before they are
sent to perl for execution. For example, this is the case where the
shell is being presented to people unfamiliar with perl but who wish
to take advantage of commands added locally (eg by automatically
quoting arguments to certain commands).
*I<NOTE>*: The preprocessing interface has changed from earlier
versions! The old way using C<$PERLDL::PREPROCESS> will still
work but is strongly deprecated and might go away in the future.
You can enable preprocessing by registering a filter with the
C<preproc_add> function. C<preproc_add> takes one argument which
is the filter to be installed. A filter is a Perl code reference (usually
set in a local configuration file) that will be called, with the
current command string as argument, just prior to the string being
executed by the shell. The modified string should be returned. Note
that you can make C<perldl> completely unusable if you fail to
return the modified string; quitting is then your only option.
Filters can be removed from the preprocessing pipeline by calling
C<preproc_del> with the filter to be removed as argument. To find out
if a filter is currently installed in the preprocessing pipeline use
C<preproc_registered>:
pdl> preproc_add $myfilter unless preproc_registered $myfilter;
Previous versions of C<perldl> used the variable C<$PERLDL::PREPROCESS>.
This will still work but should be avoided. Please change your scripts
to use the C<preproc_add> etc functions.
The following code would check for a call to function 'mysub'
and bracket arguments with qw.
$filter = preproc_add sub {
my $str = shift;
$str =~ s/^\s+//; # Strip leading space
if ($str =~ /^mysub/) {
my ($command, $arguments) = split(/\s+/,$str, 2);
$str = "$command qw( $arguments )"
if (defined $arguments && $arguments !~ /^qw/);
};
# Return the input string, modified as required
return $str;
};
This would convert:
pdl> mysub arg1 arg2
to
pdl> mysub qw( arg1 arg2 )
which Perl will understand as a list. Obviously, a little more effort
is required to check for cases where the caller has supplied a normal
list (and so does not require automatic quoting) or variable
interpolation is required.
You can remove this preprocessor using the C<preproc_del> function
which takes one argument (the filter to be removed, it must be the
same coderef that was returned from a previous C<preproc_add> call):
pdl> preproc_del $filter;
An example of actual usage can be found in the C<perldl> script. Look
at the function C<trans> to see how the niceslicing preprocessor is
enabled/disabled.
=head2 C<perldl> and L<PDL::NiceSlice|PDL::NiceSlice>
L<PDL::NiceSlice|PDL::NiceSlice> introduces a more convenient
slicing syntax for piddles. In current versions of C<perldl> and
C<pdl2> niceslicing is enabled by default (if the required CPAN
modules are installed on your machine).
At startup C<perldl> will let you
know if niceslicing is enabled. The startup message will contain
info to this end, something like this:
perlDL shell v1.XX
PDL comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. For details, see the file
'COPYING' in the PDL distribution. This is free software and you
are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions, see
the same file for details.
ReadLines, NiceSlice enabled
Reading /home/csoelle/.perldlrc...
Type 'demo' for online demos
Loaded PDL v2.XX
When you get such a message that indicates C<NiceSlice> is enabled
you can use the enhanced slicing syntax:
pdl> $a = sequence 10;
pdl> p $a(3:8:2)
For details consult L<PDL::NiceSlice>.
L<PDL::NiceSlice|PDL::NiceSlice> installs a filter in the
preprocessing pipeline (see above) to enable the enhanced slicing
syntax. You can use a few commands in the C<perldl> shell to
switch this preprocessing on or off and also explicitly check
the substitutions that the NiceSlice filter makes.
You can switch the L<PDL::NiceSlice|PDL::NiceSlice> filter on and off
by typing
pdl> trans # switch niceslicing on
and
pdl> notrans # switch niceslicing off
respectively. The filter is on by default.
To see how your commands are translated
switch reporting on:
pdl> report 1;
pdl> p $a(3:8:2)
processed p $a->nslice([3,8,2])
[3 5 7]
Similarly, switch reporting off as needed
pdl> report 0;
pdl> p $a(3:8:2)
[3 5 7]
Reporting is off by default.
=head2 Automatically execute your own hooks
The variable @PERLDL::AUTO is a simple list of perl code strings
and/or code reference. It is used to define code to be
executed automatically every time the user enters a new line.
A simple example would be to print the time of each command:
pdl> push @PERLDL::AUTO,'print scalar(gmtime),"\n"'
pdl> print zeroes(3,3)
Sun May 3 04:49:05 1998
[
[0 0 0]
[0 0 0]
[0 0 0]
]
pdl> print "Boo"
Sun May 3 04:49:18 1998
Boo
pdl>
Or to make sure any changes in the file 'local.perldlrc' are
always picked up :-
pdl> push @PERLDL::AUTO,"do 'local.perldlrc'"
This code can of course be put *in* 'local.perldlrc', but
be careful :-) [Hint: add C<unless ($started++)> to above
to ensure it only gets done once!]
Another example application is as a hook for Autoloaders
(e.g. PDL::AutoLoader) to add code too which allows them to
automatically re-scan their files for changes. This is
extremely convenient at the interactive command line. Since
this hook is only in the shell it imposes no inefficiency on
PDL scripts.
Finally note this is a very powerful facility - which means
it should be used with caution!
=cut
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